Donum Vitae
Endnotes
(1) POPE JOHN PAUL II, Discourse to those
taking part in the 81st Congress of the Italian Society of
Internal Medicine and the 82nd Congress of the Italian Society
of General Surgery, 27 October 1980: AAS 72 (1980) 1126.
(2) POPE PAUL VI, Discourse to the General
Assembly of the United Nations Organization, 4 October
1965: AAS 57 (1965) 878; Encyclical Populorum Progressio,
13: AAS 59 (1967) 263.
(3) POPE PAUL VI, Homily during the Mass
closing the Holy Year, 25 December 1975: AAS 68 (1976)
145; POPE JOHN PAUL II, Encyclical Dives in Misericordia,
30: AAS 72 (1980) 1224.
(4) POPE JOHN PAUL II, Discourse to those
taking part in the 35th General Assembly of the World Medical
Association, 29 October 1983: AAS 76 (1984) 390.
(5) Cf. Declaration Dignitatis Humanae,
2.
(6) Pastoral Constitution Gaudium et Spes,
22; POPE JOHN PAUL II, Encyclical Redemptor Hominis,
8: AAS 71 (1979) 270-272.
(7) Cf. Pastoral Constitution Gaudium
et Spes, 35.
(8) Pastoral Constitution Gaudium et Spes,
15; cf. also POPE PAUL VI, Encyclical Populorum Progressio,
20: AAS 59 (1967) 267; POPE JOHN PAUL II, Encyclical Redemptor
Hominis, 15: AAS 71 (1979) 286-289; Apostolic Exhortation
Familiaris Consortio, 8: AAS 74 (1982) 89.
(9) POPE JOHN PAUL II, Apostolic Exhortation
Familiaris Consortio, 11: AAS 74 (1982) 92.
(10) Cf. POPE PAUL VI, Encyclical Humanae
Vitae, 10: AAS 60 (1968) 487-488.
(11) POPE JOHN PAUL II, Discourse to
the members of the 35th General Assembly of the World Medical
Association, 29 October 1983: AAS 76 (1984) 393.
(12) Cf. POPE JOHN PAUL II, Apostolic Exhortation
Familiaris Consortio, 11: AAS 74 (1982) 91-92; cf.
also Pastoral Constitution Gaudium et Spes, 50.
(13) SACRED CONGREGATION FOR THE DOCTRINE
OF THE FAITH, Declaration on Procured Abortion, 9,
AAS 66 (1974) 736-737.
(14) POPE JOHN PAUL II, Discourse to
those taking part in the 35th General Assembly of the World
Medical Association, 29 October 1983: AAS 76 (1984) 390.
(15) POPE JOHN XXIII, Encyclical Mater
et Magistra, III: AAS 53 (1961) 447.
(16) Pastoral Constitution Gaudium et
Spes, 24.
(17) Cf. POPE PIUS XII, Encyclical Humani
Generis: AAS 42 (1950) 575; POPE PAUL VI, Professio
Fidei: AAS 60 (1968) 436.
(18) POPE JOHN XXIII, Encyclical Mater
et Magistra, III: AAS 53 (1961) 447; cf. POPE JOHN PAUL
II, Discourse to priests participating in a seminar on
"Responsible Procreation", 17 September 1983,
Insegnamenti di Giovanni Paolo II, VI, 2 (1983) 562:
"At the origin of each human person there is a creative
act of God: no man comes into existence by chance; he is always
the result of the creative love of God".
(19) Cf. Pastoral Constitution Gaudium
et Spes, 24.
(20) Cf. POPE PIUS XII, Discourse to
the Saint Luke Medical-Biological Union, 12 November 1944:
Discorsi e Radiomessaggi VI (1944-1945) 191-192.
(21) Cf. Pastoral Constitution Gaudium
et Spes, 50.
(22) Cf. Pastoral Constitution Gaudium
et Spes, 51: "When it is a question of harmonizing
married love with the responsible transmission of life, the
moral character of one's behaviour does not depend only on
the good intention and the evaluation of the motives: the
objective criteria must be used, criteria drawn from the nature
of the human person and human acts, criteria which respect
the total meaning of mutual self-giving and human procreation
in the context of true love".
(23) Pastoral Constitution Gaudium et
Spes, 51.
(24) HOLY SEE, Charter of the Rights
of the Family, 4: L'Osservatore Romano, 25 November 1983.
(25) SACRED CONGREGATION FOR THE DOCTRINE
OF THE FAITH, Declaration on Procured Abortion, 12-13:
AAS 66 (1974) 738.
(26) Cf. POPE PAUL VI, Discourse to participants
in the Twenty-third National Congress of Italian Catholic
Jurists, 9 December 1972: AAS 64 ( 1972) 777.
(27) The obligation to avoid disproportionate
risks involves an authentic respect for human beings and the
uprightness of therapeutic intentions. It implies that the
doctor "above all ... must carefully evaluate the possible
negative consequences which the necessary use of a particular
exploratory technique may have upon the unborn child and avoid
recourse to diagnostic procedures which do not offer sufficient
guarantees of their honest purpose and substantial harmlessness.
And if, as often happens in human choices, a degree of risk
must be undertaken, he will take care to assure that it is
justified by a truly urgent need for the diagnosis and by
the importance of the results that can be achieved by it for
the benefit of the unborn child himself" (POPE JOHN PAUL
II, Discourse to Participants in the Pro-Life Movement
Congress, 3 December 1982: Insegnantenti di Giovanni
Paolo II, V, 3 [1982] 1512). This clarification concerning
"proportionate risk" is also to be kept in mind
in the following sections of the present Instruction, whenever
this term appears.
(28) POPE JOHN PAUL II, Discourse to
the Participants in the 35th General Assembly of the World
Medical Association, 29 October 1983: AAS 76 (1984) 392.
(29) Cf. POPE JOHN PAUL II, Address to
a Meeting of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, 23 October
1982: AAS 75 (1983) 37: "I condemn, in the most explicit
and formal way, experimental manipulations of the human embryo,
since the human being, from conception to death, cannot be
exploited for any purpose whatsoever".
(30) HOLY SEE, Charter of the Rights
of the Family, 4b: L'Osservatore Romano, 25 November
1983.
(31) Cf. POPE JOHN PAUL II, Address to
the Participants in the Convention of the Pro-Life Movement,
3 December 1982: Insegnamenti di Giovanni Paolo II,
V, 3 (1982) 1511: "Any form of experimentation on the
foetus that may damage its integrity or worsen its condition
is unacceptable, except in the case of a final effort to save
it from death". SACRED CONGREGATION FOR THE DOCTRINE
OF THE FAITH, Declaration on Euthanasia, 4: AAS 72
(1980) 550: "In the absence of other sufficient remedies,
it is permitted, with the patient's consent, to have recourse
to the means provided by the most advanced medical techniques,
even if these means are still at the experimental stage and
are not without a certain risk".
(32) No one, before coming into existence,
can claim a subjective right to begin to exist; nevertheless,
it is legitimate to affirm the right of the child to have
a fully human origin through conception in conformity with
the personal nature of the human being. Life is a gift that
must be bestowed in a manner worthy both of the subject receiving
it and of the subjects transmitting it. This statement is
to be borne in mind also for what will be explained concerning
artificial human procreation.
(33) Cf. POPE JOHN PAUL II, Discourse
to those taking part in the 35th General Assembly of the World
Medical Association, 29 October 1983: AAS 76 (1984) 391.
(34) Cf. Pastoral Constitution on the Church
in the Modern world, Gaudium et Spes, 50.
(35) Cf. POPE JOHN PAUL II, Apostolic Exhortation
Familiaris Consortio, 14: AAS 74 ( 1982) 96.
(36) Cf. POPE PIUS XII, Discourse to
those taking part in the 4th International Congress of Catholic
Doctors, 29 September 1949: AAS 41 (1949) 559. According
to the plan of the Creator, "A man leaves his father
and his mother and cleaves to his wife, and they become one
flesh" (Gen 2:24). The unity of marriage, bound
to the order of creation, is a truth accessible to natural
reason. The Church's Tradition and Magisterium frequently
make reference to the Book of Genesis, both directly and through
the passages of the New Testament that refer to it: Mt
19: 4-6; Mk: 10:5-8; Eph 5: 31. Cf. ATHENAGORAS,
Legatio pro christianis, 33: PG 6, 965-967; ST CHRYSOSTOM,
In Matthaeum homiliae, LXII, 19, 1: PG 58 597; ST LEO
THE GREAT, Epist. ad Rusticum, 4: PL 54, 1204; INNOCENT
III, Epist. Gaudemus in Domino: DS 778; COUNCIL OF
LYONS II, IV Session: DS 860; COUNCIL OF TRENT, XXIV
, Session: DS 1798. 1802; POPE LEO XIII, Encyclical
Arcanum Divinae Sapientiae: ASS 12 (1879/80) 388-391;
POPE PIUS XI, Encyclical Casti Connubii: AAS 22 (1930)
546-547; SECOND VATICAN COUNCIL, Gaudium et Spes, 48;
POPE JOHN PAUL II, Apostolic Exhortation Familiaris Consortio,
19: AAS 74 (1982) 101-102; Code of Canon Law, Can.1056.
(37) Cf. POPE PIUS XII, Discourse to
those taking part in the 4th International Congress of Catholic
Doctors, 29 September 1949: AAS 41 (1949) 560; Discourse
to those taking part in the Congress of the Italian Catholic
Union of Midwives, 29 October 1951: AAS 43 (1951) 850;
Code of Canon Law, Can. 1134.
(38) POPE PAUL VI, Encyclical Letter
Humanae Vitae, 12: AAS 60 (1968) 488-489.
(39) Loc. cit., ibid., 489.
(40) POPE PIUS XII, Discourse to those
taking part in the Second Naples World Congress on Fertility
and Human Sterility, 19 May 1956: AAS 48 (1956) 470.
(41) Code of Canon Law, Can. 1061.
According to this Canon, the conjugal act is that by which
the marriage is consummated if the couple "have performed
(it) between themselves in a human manner".
(42) Cf. Pastoral Constitution Gaudium
et Spes, 14.
(43) Cf. POPE JOHN PAUL II, General Audience
on 16 January 1980: Insegnamenti di Giovanni Paolo
II, III, 1 (1980) 148-152.
(44) POPE JOHN PAUL II, Discourse to
those taking part in the 35th General Assembly of the World
Medical Association, 29 October 1983: AAS 76 (1984) 393.
(45) Cf. Pastoral Constitution Gaudium
et Spes, 51.
(46) Cf. Pastoral Constitution Gaudium
et Spes, 50.
(47) Cf. POPE PIUS XII, Discourse
to those taking part in the 4th International Congress of
Catholic Doctors, 29 September 1949: AAS 41 (1949) 560:
"It would be erroneous ... to think that the possibility
of resorting to this means (artificial fertilization) might
render valid a marriage between persons unable to contract
it because of the impedimentum impotentiae".
(48) A similar question was dealt with by
POPE PAUL VI, Encyclical Humanae Vitae, 14: AAS 60
(1968) 490-491.
(49) Cf. supra: I, 1 ff.
(50) POPE JOHN PAUL II, Apostolic Exhortation
Familiaris Consortio. 14: AAS 74 (1982) 96.
(51) Cf. Response of the Holy Office,
17 March 1897: DS 3323; POPE PIUS XII, Discourse to those
taking part in the 4th International Congress of Catholic
Doctors, 29 September 1949: AAS 41 (1949) 560; Discourse
to the Italian Catholic Union of Midwives, 29 October
1951: AAS 43 (1951) 850; Discourse to those taking part
in the Second Naples World Congress on Fertility and Human
Sterility, 19 May 1956: AAS 48 (1956) 471-473; Discourse
to those taking part in the 7th International Congress of
the International Society of Haematology, 12 September
1958: AAS 50 (1958) 733; POPE JOHN XXIII, Encyclical Mater
et Magistra, III: AAS 53 (1961) 447.
(52) POPE PIUS XII, Discourse to the
Italian Catholic Union of Midwives, 29 October 1951: AAS
43 ( 1951 ) 850.
(53) POPE PIUS XII, Discourse to those
taking part in the 4th International Congress of Catholic
Doctors, 29 September 1949: AAS 41 (1949) 560.
(54) SACRED CONGREGATION FOR THE DOCTRINE
OF THE FAITH, Declaration on Certain Questions Concerning
Sexual ethics, 9: AAS 68 (1976) 86, which quotes the Pastoral
Constitution Gaudium et Spes, 51. Cf. Decree of
the Holy Office, 2 August 1929: AAS 21 (1929) 490; POPE
PIUS XII, Discourse to those taking part in the 26th Congress
of the Italian Society of Urology, 8 October 1953: AAS
45 (1953) 678.
(55) Cf. POPE JOHN XXIII, Encyclical Mater
et Magistra, III: AAS 53 (1961) 447.
(56) Cf. POPE PIUS XII, Discourse to
those taking part in the 4th International Congress of Catholic
Doctors, 29 September 1949: AAS 41 (1949), 560.
(57) Cf. POPE PIUS XII, Discourse to
the taking part in the Second Naples World Congress on Fertility
and Human Sterility, 19 May 1956: AAS 48 (1956) 471-473.
(58) Pastoral Constitution Gaudium et
Spes, 50.
(59) POPE JOHN PAUL II, Apostolic Exhortation
Familiaris Consortio, 14: AAS 74 (1982) 97.
(60) Cf. Declaration Dignitatis Humanae,
7.
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